Associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and stroke incidence and mortality in China: A case-crossover study and estimation of the burden.

Stroke and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are two important public health concerns worldwide. Although numerous studies have reported the associations between PM2.5 and stroke, scientific evidence in China is incomplete, particularly the effect of PM2.5 on the acute incidence and national acute health burdens of stroke attributed to PM2.5 pollution. This study identified about 131,947 registered patients and 23,018 deaths due to stroke in 10 counties located in various regions from 2013 to 2017. Using a time-stratified case-crossover design, this study evaluated the associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and the risks of acute incidence and mortality for different types of stroke on the same spatiotemporal scale. With a 10 µg/m3 increase in the PM2.5 concentration, the acute incidence risk increased by 0.37% (0.15%, 0.60%) for stroke, 0.46% (0.21%, 0.72%) for ischemic stroke, and -0.13% (-0.73%, 0.48%) for hemorrhagic stroke. The corresponding values for the mortality risk were 0.71% (0.08%, 1.33%), 1.09% (0.05%, 2.14%), and 0.43% (-0.44%, 1.31%) for stroke, ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. Compared with the other groups, females and patients aged over 64 years presented higher incidence and mortality risks, while the group aged >75 years may exhibit a greater risk of mortality. Based on the estimated effects, we evaluated 43,300 excess deaths and 48,800 acute incidences attributed to short-term PM2.5 exposure across China in 2015. This study provided robust estimates of PM2.5-induced stroke incidence and mortality risks, and susceptible populations were identified. Excess mortality and morbidity attributed to short-term PM2.5 exposure indicate the necessity to implement health care and prevention strategies, as well as medical resource allocation for noncommunicable diseases in regions with high levels of air pollution.

Deconvolution of Water-Splitting on the Triple-Conducting Ruddlesden-Popper-Phase Anode for Protonic Ceramic Electrolysis Cells.

Triple-conducting materials have been proved to improve the performance of popular protonic ceramic electrolysis cells. However, partially because of the complexity of the water-splitting reaction involving three charge carriers, that is, oxygen (O2-), proton (H+), and electron (e-), the triple-conducting reaction mechanism was not clear, and the reaction conducting pathways have seldom been addressed. In this study, the triple-conducting Ruddlesden-Popper phase Pr1.75Ba0.25NiO4+δ as an anode on the BaCe0.7Zr0.1Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ electrolyte was fabricated and its electroresponses were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with various atmospheres and temperatures. The impedance spectra are deconvoluted by means of the distribution of the relaxation time method. The surface exchange rate and chemical diffusivity of H+ and O2- are characterized by electrical conductivity relaxation. The physical locations of electrochemical processes are also identified by atomic layer deposition with a surface inhibitor. A microkinetics model is proposed toward conductivities, triple-conducting pathways, reactant dependency, surface exchange and bulk diffusion capabilities, and other relevant properties. Finally, the rate-limiting steps and suggestions for further improvement of electrode performance are presented.